Introduction
Study is a part of life for any
one who goes to school or college and every person studies in different
ways to some degree or the other. Webster’s New World Dictionary
defines ‘study’ as following: “the act or process of applying the mind
so as to acquire knowledge or understanding, as by reading,
investigating, etc., or careful attention to, and critical examination
and investigation of, any subject, event, etc.”
This
definition makes it clear that study is an intellectual activity
involving the application of our minds for the purpose of gaining
knowledge or understanding. Even in Christian life it is very critical,
because it is a discipline that strengthens the mind and enriches the
soul. Strengthening the mind is very important, because we are to serve
the Lord, our God with all our hearts, with all our souls and with all
our minds (Matt.22: 37-38).
Our minds have a central place in
our spiritual lives. Romans 12: 2 teaches that we need to be
transformed by the renewing of our minds and that without this renewal
we cannot know God’s will. Without the knowledge of God’s will we won’t
be able to live lives that are pleasing to God. Moreover, we are to
love God with our minds, because He created us as rational beings in
His own image and likeness and intellectual growth is an integral part
of spiritual growth. That is what we learn from the life of our Lord
Jesus Christ (Luke 2:46-47 & 52) and the lives of Daniel and his
friends (Daniel 1:4 & 17).
We generally study for the sake
of some immediate end like preparing a talk or preaching a sermon or
leading a Bible study or learning a topic covered in the book or for
some examination. There is nothing wrong in doing so. But we should
also approach study as a set of training activities, as spiritual and
intellectual exercises. Some times we should study a book (especially
one that is challenging) for the sheer value of engaging our intellects
in a stretching and strenuous activity, which leads to an increased
capacity to understand.
Moreland says, “Seen as a discipline,
study becomes a means of building my character, ingraining habits of
thought and reflection, and reinforcing in my own soul the value of the
life of the mind.” Thus, if we study regularly and make study a
repetitive exercise we will grow intellectually and we can love and
serve the Lord better with our minds also. Some one said, “If you are
not busy growing you are busy dying.” Study is an important factor that
contributes to our growth. Therefore, we as Christians should cultivate
the habit of studying in order for us to keep growing. Otherwise, we
will be decaying and dying in some sense and some ways.
So both
from the general perspective and from the Christian perspective study
is a very important discipline and all of us study. But the question is
‘how effective are we in our study or are our study methods effective?’
We cannot be effective in our study unless we are effective in our
reading, because reading is an integral (and in some ways the most
important) part of study.
Hence in the process of cultivating
the habit of studying well we need to learn how to read well, ‘the art
of reading’. Reading can be classified in different ways based on
different criteria. We will look first at these different kinds of
reading and then at some of the best study methods that will give us
the needed advantage in this competitive world where we are all caught
in a rat race whether we like it or not and whether we know it or not.
Types of Reading
Reading
is a very active process and a very complex activity just as writing
is. Adler and Van Doren say that the art of reading is the skill of
catching every kind of communication as well as possible and that the
amount of the communicated stuff a reader ‘catches’ generally depends
on the amount of activity she or he puts into the process and upon the
skill with which she or he executes the different mental acts involved.
Reading
for information and reading for understanding are two basic kinds of
reading. Also there are reading for entertainment and reading for
enlightenment. Reading for understanding or comprehending and
enlightenment is for the purpose of ‘learning’, which means
understanding more and not just remembering more information. We should
be reading not just for improving our information, but we should read
for improving our understanding or increased comprehension. This kind
of reading is much more challenging and demanding than the reading for
entertainment. Being informed is a prerequisite to being enlightened.
So we cannot completely neglect ‘reading for increasing information’,
but we should never stop at being informed or satisfy ourselves with
increased information.
Reading is also classified on the basis
of the levels of reading and there are four levels. Levels are slightly
different from kinds, because kinds are distinct from one another,
whereas levels are cumulative and they progress gradually and the
higher levels include the lower levels. The four levels are: 1)
Elementary Reading, which is also called rudimentary or basic or
initial reading. This is what we learn at the elementary school level
and the basic question asked of the reader at this level is “What does
the sentence say?” Because of the deficiencies in the instruction we
received in reading at the elementary school level, all of us continue
to experience difficulties or problems of this level of reading.
Most
of these difficulties are mechanical and we cannot read faster unless
we overcome these difficulties and hence most of the speed-reading
courses focus on this level. 2) Inspectional Reading, which is also
called ‘skimming’ or ‘pre-reading’ where the focus is on time or on
getting most out of a book within a given (generally short) time. So
inspectional reading is the art of skimming systematically. The
question asked at this level is “What is the book about? Or What is the
structure of the book? Or What are the parts of the book?” Lot of
people make the blunder of trying to read to understand the book
without or while going through this phase and this only compounds the
difficulty in understanding. 3) Analytical Reading, which is the
thorough or complete reading of the material being read.
Adler
and Van Doren say, “Francis Bacon once remarked that “some books are to
be tested, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and
digested.” Reading a book analytically is chewing and digesting it. The
focus here is on understanding and this is the best and most complete
reading one can do. At this level the reader asks many questions –
probing, analysing and organized ones of what she is reading. 4)
Syntopical Reading, which is the highest level of reading and also
called ‘comparative reading’. This reading is probably the most
rewarding of all the reading activities and the most demanding as well.
This is about reading a number of different books on a chosen
subject and trying to gain a deep understanding of the subject and
breaking it down into its units and subunits and comparing and
contrasting what different sources say about it. At the end of this
process a reader is able to come up with an analysis of the subject
that may not be in any of the books read. Let us now take a closer
look at ‘intellectual reading’ (as opposed to ‘devotional reading’ that
we do for spiritual benefits) that we are concerned with in this
chapter.
Intellectual Reading
It is an
attempt to grasp the concepts, structure, and arguments that form the
content of the book or chapter or article or paper that is being read.
The goal is to learn something new, to master specific content, to
develop one’s intellectual categories, and to grow in one’s ability to
think and comprehend. There are a few tips for developing skill in this
kind of reading and we will discuss them briefly now.
1. Whole- part –whole approach: The mind works from the whole to the parts to the whole. When you begin to read a book, you should first try to get an overview of the main issues in the book. This means that you should begin with the book jacket (cover) and the introduction to get a clear idea about the book’s primary thesis and the main issues to be discussed. Next, you should spend some time studying the table of contents. Use a pen or pencil and note on the page any observations about the structure that you can see. If possible get a hold of one or two book reviews of the book and read before you begin to read it. At the end of this process you get a tentative picture of the book as a whole and you can now begin to read the parts.
2. Reading the parts/ chapters in the book: After the initial steps that we have discussed so far, you can begin to read the book (chapter by chapter) with a pen in your hand. Your goal now is to surface the structure of each chapter. This is important because once the parts of the book have been read, you should examine your tentative picture of the overall thesis and structure and revise if necessary.
While reading each chapter, write in the left-hand margin, every two or three paragraphs a summary of the main arguments in the text. What you are after is a chapter filled with marginal notes (summaries of the author’s arguments in your own words) that form an outline of the flow of that chapter. After reading a subsection in a chapter, return to the place where it begins and write a summary of the main point of the subsection. After finishing the entire chapter, look at all of the subsection summaries and write a summary of the entire chapter at the top of the first page of the chapter.
3. Notational Devices: You can use some notational devices to help you remember a chapter’s structure. You can put “+1,” “+2” or “A1,” “A2” or “P1,” “P2” etc., in the margin where each specific argument or point begins. You can note arguments against the author’s thesis that she might give with “-1,” “-2” or “CA1,” “CA2,” and so on. If the author offers counter arguments you can note them with “- -1,” “- -2” or “CCA1,” “CCA2” etc. The purpose is to keep track of the arguments and counter arguments or the major and minor points that compose the structure of the chapter or the whole book. Finally, if you write a marginal note that contains your own thoughts about an issue instead of representing a summary of the text itself, you can put the remark in parentheses and begin it with “N.B.”
4. Your own index: The final tip is about constructing your own index inside the front cover of the book. If you come across a topic of special interest to you then turn to the blank pages at the front of the book and write down a key term or phrase, followed by the corresponding page number(s) in the text. If the same topic occurs in different places in the book, then add the additional page numbers. You can also use ‘index cards’ (3/5 or 5/11 cards) instead of writing in the book. This will help you to easily access things at a later time when you need. This is studying to store and use. Let us add two more points regarding intellectual reading that are vital.
First, the surest test of your understanding of the book or chapter or article that you have read is your ability to summarise the whole thing in your own words.
Second, another test of your understanding of what you have read is your ability to critically evaluate it. In other words, you can test your understanding of what you have read by asking yourself whether you can critique it. This is the ability to determine what you can agree with and what you cannot and the ability to give reasons for the same. We in India are not trained adequately in these two things (our education system is such that the emphasis generally is on adding more information and not on understanding or comprehending). Hence we should put in a lot of effort to develop our skills in these areas to be able to survive and succeed in the ‘global village’ where we are living now. Let us now conclude this section with three things that are important to remember in developing the art of intellectual reading.
Three Important Things to be Remembered
First,
do not measure the value of such reading by the immediate practical
application or spiritual enlivening (if you are reading some devotional
books or spiritual books). Moreland says that intellectual reading is
never a quick fix and that its value is measured in the long- term
maturity that comes form practicing this type of reading. Second, get
into the habit of reading books that are somewhat beyond your ability
to grasp (especially during the holidays or inter-semester breaks or
the early stages of the semester/academic year). This will help you to
stretch your mind and to grow in your thinking ability.
Finally,
when you undertake to read a book seriously, do not approach as you
would approach recreational reading (like when you read a novel). In
intellectual reading, you simply must stay alert, use a pen and
probably a good dictionary also, make notes regularly, and look for
structure and flow of thought /argument constantly. It would be great
if you could form a book club (if you are already a professional) or
study group (for all, but mainly for students) where you can help one
another and also hold one another accountable.
Recently I came
to know about one such (of course a big secular one) club in Chennai.
When my wife and I were studying in the US, one of the things we found
most useful was the different ‘study groups’ (with our classmates) that
we were a part of every semester. These study groups used to meet at
regular intervals to discuss, share insights, and to help one another
and then we used to meet once before the exams to give our preparation
a finishing touch. Each one of us was assigned a certain portion that
we needed to study well and prepare notes for every one else in the
group. If we can do everything systematically, then the study groups
can be really helpful/useful. I think every serious student should at
least have a study partner, if not a study group. Let us now focus
briefly on another important aspect of reading in this age where speed
has become a part of every day life.
Speed Reading
If you want to learn
more and keep growing, you have to read more. There is no other go. But
if we read at the normal speed at which we generally read, we won’t be
able to read much and consequently we won’t learn much in life and most
people ought to be able to read faster than they normally do. So in
concluding this section let us learn a little bit about the art of
speed-reading. In the West people generally know the value of
speed-reading and so there are speed-reading courses (both academic and
commercial ones) that are available for people to benefit from.
There
are books and other stuff that we need to read fast and finish quickly.
There are also books that we need to read fast and take time to digest.
There might be different sections within the same book that need to be
read at different speeds. So a good speed reading course should equip
us to read at different speeds and not just one speed that is faster
than anything you can manage now. Such a course would enable you to
vary the speed of reading in accordance with the nature and complexity
of the material being read. Adler and Van Doren have this to say: “Many
books are hardly worth even skimming; some should be read quickly; and
a few should be read at a rate, usually quite slow, that allows for
complete comprehension. It is wasteful to read a book slowly that
deserves only a fast reading; speed reading skills can help you solve
that problem.”
Lot of readers simply do not know what to do
when reading a difficult and yet rewarding book, because they do not
know the rules of reading; they do not know how to marshal their
intellectual resources for the task. So we should learn to read fast,
learn to be able to read at different speeds, and should know when the
different speeds are appropriate. Inspectional reading is done quickly
where as analytical reading is generally much slower and even while
doing an analytical reading of a book, we should not read all of it at
the same speed.
One of the fundamental problems that speed-reading
helps us to overcome is sub-vocalization (trying to say word after word
to ourselves, of course without saying loudly), which is learnt when
people are first taught to read.
This slows down the rate of
reading. It also helps us in overcoming some other problems. We
generally, like children or like when we were small, are limited by the
problem of ‘fixation’. Films of eye movements show that the eyes of
young or untrained readers ‘fixate’ (the directing and focusing the
eyes on a word or phrase) as many as five or six times in the course of
each line that is read. The eye is blind while it moves. It can see
only when it stops. Our eyes jump from word or phrase to phrase.
Moreover, the eyes of incompetent readers ‘regress’ as often as once
every two or three lines –that is, they return to phrases or sentences
previously read.
All these habits are wasteful and cut down
our reading speed drastically. These habits are wasteful because the
mind, unlike the eyes, does not need to ‘read’ only a word or short
phrase at a time. The mind, an amazingly complex and astounding
faculty, can grasp a sentence or even a paragraph at a ‘glance’, if
only the eyes will provide it with the information it needs. So the
primary task of speed-reading courses is to correct the fixations and
regressions that slow down many a reader and thus increase the rate at
which the eyes move from word to word or sentence to sentence.
There
are many very complicated and expensive devices for breaking the eye
fixations. But we need not necessarily employ any device more
sophisticated than our own hand, which we can train ourselves to follow
as it moves more and more quickly across and down the page. We can use
a finger or a combination of fingers as a ‘pointer’ and move this
across the page we are reading a little faster than it is comfortable
for our eyes to move. We should force ourselves to keep up with our
hand. Then we will very soon be able to read the words as we follow our
hand much faster. When we keep practicing this and keep increasing the
speed at which our hand moves, before we realize it we will have
doubled or trebled our reading speed.
The hand or some other
devices like a pencil or small stick used as a timer not only increases
our reading rate, but it also improves our concentration on what we are
reading. As long as we follow the pointer or timer it is harder to fall
sleep, to daydream, to let our minds wander. ‘Concentration’ is just
another name for ‘activity in reading’. Any good reader reads actively,
with concentration. We will now take a look at some more tips that will
help in increasing our concentration and also at some effective study
methods.
Tips to Increase Concentration in Study and Some Effective Study Methods
A
few other things that can help us to concentrate better and study
better are 1) having a place set apart for studying which is away from
the busiest part of the house, 2) having a regular routine of reading
and studying, 3) having all things in the room like water, books,
pencil, etc., accessible, 4) taking rest breaks, 5) revising, 6)
over-learning, and 7) other memory-increasing measures like involving
as many senses/activities as possible in the process of
studying/learning. We will now unpack each one of these a little bit:
1. Having a Place to Study: Without shutting out all possible distractions (both internal or mental and external or physical) it is very difficult to have the desired level of concentration and without concentration the time spent in study will not yield adequate results. One thing that helps is having a special place – a room if possible or at least a study table and a comfortable chair (the way one sits also is important). When we go to the place we are better prepared to study even psychologically. But the main thing here is being away from physical distractions as much as possible. When we start studying there might be mental distractions as well. Whatever it is that is distracting has to be written on a piece of paper (if it relates to something that needs to be done) or pushed out of our minds by an act of the will. Sometimes we might even have to pray for God’s help.
2. Having a Regular Routine of Study: We also need to have set times for study. We might have daily, weekly, monthly, or even yearly study plans. But the key is to have study as a habit and we should cultivate this habit. It is said that the best way to learn to do something is to do it and to do it regularly or repeatedly. If we work hard for 21 days we can succeed in forming a habit. We need not be legalistic or too rigid. But we must have a regular routine of study and stick to it as much as possible and that will help us to learn the art better as time passes by and thus we will become more productive. Some of us are naturally early morning persons and others are late night persons. We have to study ourselves and see when (what part of the day) we are most alert mentally and plan our study time accordingly.
3. Having all the Required Items in Place: Another simple thing that helps us to minimize distractions and maximize concentration is having all items that we need to engage in a season of study. We might need some water, a mosquito repellent (if the mosquitoes are troubling you in your area or house), some tea if it is late night or if you are feeling a little dull, all the study materials – books, papers, pen, pencil, index cards, etc. Some times a small thing that is missing causes us to waste a lot of time and distracts us very badly.
4. Taking Rest Breaks: Many of us do not
know that our minds work best only for shorter periods of time.
Research has confirmed that those that take rest breaks at regular
intervals end up learning more in a given amount of time than those who
do not take breaks. Generally after every 40 to 50 minutes we should
take a short, maybe a five or ten-minute break and just take a walk,
look at something beautiful, splash some water on your face, go to bath
room, or go out and take in some fresh air and this helps the mind to
stay at a high level of efficiency. Otherwise, as time passes by the
mind becomes less and less receptive and efficient and we will end up
wasting a lot of time.
After a certain period of continuous
study the mind just becomes dull and less efficient and what you learn
would be very minimal. Physical health or soundness is a key factor
that contributes to the process of learning, because the mind and body
are closely connected. It is observed that a person who is physically
active and fit is intellectually more productive. So do not neglect the
body, which is the temple of the Holy Spirit who indwells all
believers.
5. Revision for Increased Retention:
Research shows that most people forget over 85% of what they read in
just 48 hours, if they do not revise. So it is critical that those who
are serious about their studies and learning cultivate the habit of
systematically reviewing what has already been read or studied.
Revision reinforces concepts or ideas in our minds and thus helps us in
retaining more of what we learn and note making while reading helps a
lot in this process. Revision also helps us in developing the ability
to recall that is crucial in doing well in the objective type exams,
because the more we expose ourselves to the material the more it stays
with us over longer periods of time.
This is true even in the
spiritual realm. Peter writes to Christians that he recognized the need
for him to remind them and to refresh their memory so that they might
remember certain fundamental truths (see 2 Pet. 1: 12-15 and 3: 1). In
a sense revision or reviewing is just going over the same material
another time or few more times after some time gap to ensure that
important things are remembered or retained.
6. Over-learning for Long Term Memory:
Certain things need to be memorized whether you like it or not and
over-learning is absolutely unavoidable in the process of learning. But
what is over-learning? It is the process of reading some material and
analysing the contents a few more times even when we feel (or even
know) that we have learnt it and it must be done because when you feel
you have learnt something you have only got a short-term memory of it
and what we need in the long run is long-term memory, memory that lasts
longer. There are certain kinds of things in every subject that those
who study those subjects need to memorize.
If you are a
student of history, you need to remember certain names, years, dates,
events, etc., if you are a student of science, you need to remember
certain definitions, equations, concepts, facts, etc., accurately, for
example. Neurophisiological search shows that the brain remembers the
things that it is exposed to more. Memory is still in many ways
mysterious. But we know that in the brain ‘memory tracks’ are formed
when the brain is exposed to the same content over and over again. It
is like walking in the fields where not many have walked before. The
more you walk the same route, the more quickly a recognizable path or
track is formed.
What over-learning does in the process of
memory is analogical to this and so we have to exercise ourselves in
this, because even in our spiritual life this is vital – when we
memorize the Scripture by repeatedly reading the same portions, they
stay with us and we can meditate on such portions. There are a few
other things that help and we will look at them, but revision and
over-learning are among the most important activities that help us to
increase our rate of retention and help us in improving long-term
memory.
7. Involving as many Senses or Activities as possible in the Process of Learning/Studying: We
will now briefly consider just a few more tips and techniques. The
truth that forms the basis for these tips is that the more the number
of senses and activities that are involved in the process of learning
the more we learn and the more we retain what we learn.
Hearing
what we read or writing what we read or carrying out an experiment that
we have theoretically read about or speaking on something that we have
read or learnt etc., are illustrative of what we are discussing. The
things that I try to teach others or explain to others are the things
that I seem to understand more clearly and remember longer. So group
discussions are vital and cannot be overemphasized. So also developing
acronyms, writing things down in outline form, and connecting things
(forming connective memory) in our minds are very helpful.
As
a student of Zoology I found that I was able to remember certain things
by developing acronyms. For example, I formed the acronym CUP (formed
with the first letter of each term) to remember the sequence of the
different parts of the anal canal of the digestive system – Coprodeum,
Urodeum, and Proctodeum. Before I formed this acronym there was always
confusion in my mind about the proper sequence. Let me share just
another example. The three small bones in the ear and their order was
also a matter of confusion for me and this was solved with the acronym
MIS from the first letter of each one - Malleus, Incus, and Stepes and
stepes is the smallest bone in the human body. Although I stopped
teaching zoology about 12 years ago, I still remember these, because of
the acronyms.
We are made (wired) differently and are of
different personality types and accordingly we like different things
and ways of doing things, we have different learning styles, different
strengths and weaknesses, remember different kinds of things more
easily, like different kinds of subjects, and so on. Unless we know
ourselves we cannot develop effective study methods, get into the right
kinds of careers, and succeed. It is not easy to know ourselves and we
need help, which is available for students and others in the US and
other well developed nations freely, but unfortunately not available to
us in India.
Things are changing for better and at least some
of the psychological tests with scientifically developed questionnaires
are now available. Our parents, teachers, and good friends can also be
of great help here. But the point is, try to know yourself (as God has
made you) as much as possible and take advantage of this knowledge.
Our
minds establish connections between and among things quite naturally
and when we do this more consciously we will be able to increase our
memory of certain facts, events, people, etc. Our son Shamuel connected
a person, a place, and his experience of eating a vegetable when he was
just two and a half years old. He remembers Bro. Yesaiah as the uncle
who gave him drum stick (mulakkaya) in Nambur and he still remembers
him.
I remember the year of death of two eminent people, C. S.
Lewis and the US President J. F. Kennedy as 1963 by connecting it with
my year of birth 1961. As a student of Zoology and then a Lecturer also
I remembered many things more easily just by connecting things and this
kind of memory is called ‘connective memory’, which makes it easy for
us to remember things.
Experts say that writing something one
time is equal to or more than reading it ten times. This is true
because when we write we not only see something for a longer time, but
also think about it and our hands are also involved. When we listen to
a lecture we remember some. But if we listen to the lecture and take
some notes down, we remember some more. And when we take another look
at the notes after some time, we remember a lot more. When we present
the contents to others or discuss with them, then there is greater
clarity about the concepts and they get fixed in our minds more
permanently. So involve more than one sense or activity in the process
of learning or studying and you will do better.
Conclusion
As the disciples of Jesus
Christ, whether we are students or graduates/professionals or preachers
and teachers of the gospel/Word of God, we all need to make study a
regular part of our lives and this should be more so if you are
students or teachers/lecturers/professors – teaching either in a
secular college or in Christian ministry. The word ‘disciple’ has its
biblical roots in the Greek word mathetes, which basically means ‘a
learner’.
Even if we take the meaning as ‘a follower’, it
still means that we should engage ourselves in the Discipline
(Spiritual) of ‘study or learning’, because our Lord Jesus Christ whom
we follow learnt and grew in his understanding and wisdom. In fact,
Jesus is the smartest man that has ever lived in this world and walked
on the face of the earth and as his followers we should also learn
continually (learning is a womb to tomb process) and grow in our
understanding and wisdom and be smart (in the right sense) like Him.
Some
one said that reading makes a man or woman perfect. So let us form the
habit of reading and read for spiritual growth and the purpose of
learning. The more widely-read we are the more informed and
knowledgeable we become and the more systematic we are in our study
habits the more insightful and deep we become as persons. This
certainly is one of the keys to success in our times and may the Lord
help more and more Christians to excel and succeed in their lives and
careers.
Let me make just another comment in conclusion. The
Bible says that whatever we do we should do to the best of our ability
and as unto the Lord (Col. 3: 23; 1 Cor. 10: 31). So even if it is
studying, if we do it as unto the Lord, keeping God’s purposes and
plans and His glory in mind, I think we will have higher levels of
motivation to excel in studies and in our careers ultimately and we can
be more effective witnesses for the Lord. We will, in this way, be
role-models for others to imitate and learn.
[N.B., I have used J.P. Moreland’s book, Love Your God With All Your Mind in writing this chapter/article. The other books that I have read over the years on the topic and my personal experience also have certainly influenced the writing of this essay]
Recommendation: I very strongly recommend that you should read Mortimer Adler and Charles Van Doren, How to Read a Book (New York: MJF Books, 1972). This will be a long-term investment that will bring rich dividends.
About the Contributor: Rev. Sudhakar Mondithoka had a life-transforming encounter with Christ as a teenager, but learnt the basic lessons of his Christian life in the EU group at Loyola College (1979-’82). He was the president of two EUs, Senior Advisor of two EUs, served on the EC of UESI-AP and also in different other capacities for many years. After working with the Govt. of AP Health Department as an Entomological Officer for a short time he taught Zoology for almost 10 years in the prestigious Wesley and Loyola Institutions. He excelled in studies to different degrees and won the prestigious Baker Book House Award for Excellence in the Study of Theology at Talbot School of Theology. For many years he was involved in guiding students in their studies, career planning, etc. He served the Lord for over 11 years through RZIM-India. He is now a visiting professor of Apologetics, Philosophy of Religion, and World Religions at SABC and SAIACS in Bangalore and a free-lance writer and speaker. He lives with his wife Santha Kumari and son Shamuel Susheel in Hyderabad. You can contact him through e-mail: sudhakarm@yahoo.com or sudhakar.mondithoka@gmail.com
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